Transmission noun (SENDING OUT) C2 C or U the process of broadcasting or sending out something by radio or television, on the internet, etc., or something that is broadcast or sent out: Broadband transmission has speeded up access to these sites. In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication, information or content (e.g. A message in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an transmitter/emisor/sender/encoder to a receiver/decoder. Generally speaking, the more gears in a transmission, the better it can optimize engine speed in a variety of driving conditions. That means low gears can provide better acceleration while higher.

transmission mechanism

Definition and related terms. An infectious disease agent can be transmitted in two ways: as horizontal disease agent transmission from one individual to another in the same generation (peers in the same age group) by either direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact through air – cough or sneeze (vectors or fomites that allow the transmission of the agent causing the. Multi-link Security Network Transmission System Report by Material, Application, and Geography - Global Forecast to 2023 is a professional and comprehensive research report on the world's major regional market conditions, focusing on the main regions (North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific) and the main countries (United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea and China).

the process whereby a particular policy instrument (e.g INTEREST RATE) ‘works’ its way through the economic system to affect a designated policy target (e.g. the rate of INFLATION). The linkages between an instrument and target can be lengthy and complicated. By way of illustration, Fig. 189 depicts a simplified version of the Bank of England model (the full model has some 150 linkages!) that the Bank's MONETARY POLICY COMMITTEE (MPC) uses to track the impact of interest rate changes on the government's inflation target (currently an annualized inflation rate of no more than 2%). The process begins when the MPC ‘announces’, for example, an increase in the ‘official’ rate of interest with the objective of reducing inflationary pressures in the economy. To enforce this rate rise in the money markets, the Bank must move to reduce the money supply (see MONETARY POLICY COMMITTEE for further details).

These monetary changes can be expected to impact on the ‘real’ economy in various ways. Monetarists posit that the reduction in the money supply will directly reduce the CONSUMPTION component of AGGREGATE DEMAND and that this will be reinforced by higher interest rates causing a fall in the demand for CREDIT (bank loans and mortgages) to finance consumption and house and other asset purchases. Keynesians also emphasize the impact of an increase in the cost of capital, as interest rates rise, in reducing the amount of INVESTMENT expenditure undertaken by businesses. (For further discussion see MONEY SUPPLY/SPENDING LINKAGES.) The combination of these factors can be expected to dampen down spending in the economy and thus reduce any tendency for demand to outstrip the supply potential of the economy (see DEMAND-PULL INFLATION).

Moreover, a determined effort by the authorities to keep the inflation rate low will impact on EXPECTATIONS, that is, consumers, wage bargainers and businesses will come to ‘expect’ low inflation and adapt their economic behaviour accordingly, thus preventing any tendency for an INFLATIONARY-SPIRAL to develop. (See ADAPTIVE-EXPECTATIONS, EXPECTATIONS-ADJUSTED/AUGMENTED PHILLIPS CURVE.)

Furthermore, monetarists posit that under a FLOATING EXCHANGE-RATE system, a reduction in the money supply will reduce the amount of pounds offered in exchange for foreign currencies, thus causing the exchange rate to appreciate. This has the effect of reducing import prices, again exerting downward pressure on the general price level.

However, there are various problems involved in the transmission mechanism:

1. various ‘side-effects’ may occur that adversely affect other policy targets. For example, higher interest rates, by reducing investment, may harm long-term ECONOMIC GROWTH potential, while an appreciation of the exchange rate will increase export prices and harm domestic industries dependent on export demand as well as adversely affecting the BALANCE OF PAYMENTS;
2. because of‘leads and lags’ in the introduction and implementation and the length of time it takes for the effects of a particular instrument change to work its way through the economy, various ‘distortions’ may occur that undermine the effectiveness of the policy initiative. For further discussion see DEMAND MANAGEMENT. See QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY.

Definition: Transmission lines are the conductors that serve as a path for transmitting (sending) electrical waves (energy) through them. These basically forms a connection between transmitter and receiver in order to permit signal transmission.

Transmission lines in microwave engineering are known as distributed parameter networks. As their voltage and current shows variation over its entire length. It enables the transfer of electrical signals by a pair of conducting wires that are separated from each other by a dielectric medium which is usually air.

Content: Transmission Lines

Introduction

The figure below represents the equivalent circuit diagram of a transmission line:

Here, the two conducting wires have a certain length and the parameters of the transmission line is distributed over all its length. These parameters are R, L, C and G which we will discuss in detail in the upcoming section. The two conducting wires due to separation holds some capacitance. But this dielectric medium does not provide complete insulation hence some leakage current flows through it.

Telephone lines and electricity supply lines are some examples of transmission lines.

Types of Transmission Line

Transmission lines are majorly classified into three categories:

Open-wire transmission line: These are the conductors having 2 lines (wires), that are separated by dielectric medium whose, one end connected to the source and other to the destination. These are low cost and simplest form of transmission line. But, their installation cost is somewhat higher as well as its maintenance sometimes becomes difficult due to the change in atmospheric conditions.

The figure below represents the open-wire transmission line:

Coaxial cable lines: These lines are formed when a conducting wire is coaxially inserted inside another hollow conductor. These are termed as coaxial as the 2 conductors share the same axis. These are widely used in applications where high voltage levels are needed.

The figure shown below represents the coaxial cable transmission line:

Waveguides: This category of the transmission line is used for signal transmission at microwave frequencies. These are basically hollow conducting tubes as they somewhat resemble like coaxial cable line but do not have centre conductor as present in coaxial cables.

The figure below represents the transmission line in the form of waveguide:

Parameters of the transmission line

During signal transmission through a conductor, it is necessary to have an idea about the parameters associated with it. So, basically, 4 parameters exist related to the transmission line.

• Resistance: This parameter of any transmission line relies on the cross-sectional area of the conducting material. As we have already discussed that these are distributed parameter networks that means its parameters are distributed uniformly along the entire length. It is represented by R and its unit is ohms per unit length of the conductor.

It is given by:

What Is The Meaning Of Transmission Media

: ρ denotes the conductivity of the conducting material

l denotes the length of the transmission line and

a denotes the cross-sectional area of the line

It is noteworthy here that the resistance shows the variation with temperature and signal frequency applied to it.

• Capacitance: As we have already discussed that a transmission line is composed of 2 parallel conducting wire separated by dielectric material. So it behaves as a parallel plate capacitor. Thus it has some capacitance which is also distributed uniformly over its length. It is measured in farads per unit length of the conductor.

• Inductance: When current flows through a conductor then it generates a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the electric field. As the magnetic field varies, electromagnetic flux gets generated in the line. So, this emf now flows in opposite direction with the current flowing through the device which is known as inductance. Its value depends on the current flowing through the conductor. Inductance is represented by L and its unit is Henry per unit length of the conductor.

• Conductance: The two parallel conductors are separated by a dielectric medium but it is not a perfect insulator. Due to which some current also flows through the dielectric. This current is called leakage current and it is responsible for leakage conductance through the transmission line. It is basically present between the conducting wires and is represented by G. Its unit is mho per unit length of the conductor. So, the four parameters of a transmission line are represented as R, L, C, and G.

Properties of Transmission Line

A transmission line that allows the propagation of electrical waves is assumed to be uniform as well as symmetrical in nature so as to have a convenient transmission. So, basically, there exist 2 electrical properties of any symmetrical network.

• Characteristic Impedance (Z₀):

Suppose an electrical wave is traveling from one end to another through a uniform as well as a lossless transmission line. Then the ratio of voltage corresponding to the transmission line and the equivalent current that is flowing through it is known as characteristic impedance. It is to be noted here that no reflection of the transmitted wave will take place. Conda mac download. It is given by:

In terms of parameters characteristic impedance is represented as:

When we consider a completely lossless transmission line, then it is given as:

Lockup Transmission Meaning

The symmetrical network is said to be accurately terminated when the characteristic impedance at it’s both ends is equalized.

• Propagation Constant (ϒ):

The propagation constant of a transmission line is defined as the ratio of current achieved at the output to the current applied at the input of the system. It is given as

: ϒ denotes a complex quantity represented by α + jβ

Here α is the attenuation constant and β is the phase constant.

Applications of Transmission lines

For the transmission of a signal having a high-frequency range over short as well as long distance, transmission lines are used. At the same time, this reduces the loss of power during transmission. These are also used in stub filters, in stub matching technique and in voltage transformer.